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April 14, 2004

Picking up where I left off, the main frame will be similar to that used in my Baron Clone, but will be more robust in the headset area (similar to the Velokraft VK-2), and in the area under the seat just below the butt.  There is where I had to reinforce the BC, and paid for it in the weight department.  It will also be shorter to allow for transport disassembly.   I will also use a new carbon construction method.  With the BC, I made a male plug, made a female impression of each half in fiberglass, then, I made a carbon shell from the female form using expandable foam.   In the new method I will make a male plug, I will then drape two layers of uninterrupted carbon directly over that male form creating a shell of each side.  After curing I will then strengthen the interior of each half so that the shell remains perfectly smooth on the outside, with the strengthening imperfections on the inside and thus invisible.  As I am into construction, I will say that I am very excited with this method.  It is a method that homebuilders can use to get accurate and impressive results.  Also new is the presentation of my progress.  Many have requested that I show more detail of the construction process.  The following PICS and discussion is an attempt to show more detail as work progresses. 

These PICS show the new male plug (in gray) and the BC extra frame in raw carbon next to each other.  The new form was made by building up a foam part that was made in the BC mold to test the mold’s capability (see the last PIC from the XPort January 28 update).    I glued 1/64 inch plywood to the middle of each foam half.   The areas where I wanted to increase the depth of the new plug extended past the original foam male part.  Bondo and various fillers were used to create the form that I wanted. This will be more obvious in the next set of photos.  Also see that I cut off the rear as that is where the removable rear portion will be attached.  The various colors are the different materials used to obtain a smooth shape.

After many hours of filling and shaping and sanding, the two halves were split (using a very thin kerf Japanese saw) into a right and left side.  These PICS show the middle portion of each plug half and the 1/64 inch plywood that was glued to the right and left sides.  In detail you can see the headset area where I extended past the plywood.  This occurred because when forming a shape, one’s eye (mine in this case) and fingers tells you where a smooth shape must be filled (or reduced) to create a smooth molded and faired shape.

The two halves were then put on a backing board.  These plug halves will be the direct mold for the carbon.  Please note that the halves were elevated from the backing boards by the thickness of a one inch piece of pine.  The reason for this is that when molding the carbon material to the two halves, I did not want any curvature of carbon where the two halves will eventually come together, i.e., the carbon must fall vertically without trying to conform to the backing board.

The two halves were then given many coats of wax and buffed.  When a coat of was is applied, one can see the smoothness of the male plug.  You can never get it smooth enough to ensure separation of carbon and plug, however.  They are now ready for the carbon to be applied.

A word on the carbon that was used here!  I wanted an uninterrupted shell (therefore an uninterrupted piece of carbon on the plug) so that the surface would be smooth with no undulations of any sort.  Undulations and distortions would be caused by cutting the carbon in pieces and overlapping it on the male plug.   I choose a 4X4 Twill Carbon which was 8.3 oz and dresses out to approximately .016 inches.  I used two layers which resulted in an overall thickness of .032 inches.  I chose that material because it is very drapable and conforms to curves more easily than other weaves.  I also used a very wide piece (like 10 inches) to insure that the same piece (actually two) could be made to fit over the part that was to be formed.  This made for more waste than normal.  I could have made the shell with 3 narrower pieces of the carbon, but then the overlapping areas would cause interruptions on the surface of the frame.

I cut two 10 inch wide X 50 inches long of carbon, placed them on a flat surface and applied a generous amount of resin.  The carbon was put on wax paper.  I then vacuum bagged the carbon with peel ply on one side of the carbon, and generous blotting material on the other.  With 20 inches of vacuum I removed most of the resin over a period of approximately 15 minutes.  I used a slow cure epoxy resin to ensure that gelling would not occur at this time.  I then put the material (carefully) over the male plug and formed it to the shape.  At this time an inordinate amount of time is spent insuring that the carbon adheres to all surfaces of the male plug.  The peel ply faced outward and the raw carbon is against the waxed mold.

The first and second photos show the result after curing and still on the backing board.  The first is with the peel ply, and the second with it removed.  The next two photos show the part removed from the backing board and the male plug removed.  The PICS show the outside and the inside.  The last photo shows the inside of the mold with the plug still in the shell and the wood that was used to elevate the plug from the backing board.

These PICS show the frame half after all trimming has been done.  The shell has consistently thickness throughout the piece, it is extremely smooth and IMHO the results are spectacular.    There are no highs or lows on the surface.  After some minor wet sanding and a light coat of clear, this will look as perfectly smooth as any factory part.  I cannot praise this method enough and consider it very acceptable as a homebuilder method (but not for production).  Allow me to evaluate the two methods at this point.  The first was laying carbon in a female mold and injecting expandable foam.  The second is this method which is laying carbon on a male part.  The disadvantages of the female mold/foam are:

  1. All layers must be applied before the foam is injected.  This means the outer layers of carbon as well as the strengthening layers.  You will see this strengthening process in a bit.  In order to accommodate this, you must work like crazy to complete before the resin begins to cure.  You don’t answer the phone, nor do you take coffee breaks, nor do you go to the bathroom!  In the male mold method, you are only applying a single layer (actually two, a double layer) and have more time to ensure that the carbon is forming to the mold.  The strengthening will be done after curing, so you are making it a two part process instead of one.
  2. The expanding foam creates so much pressure that it infiltrates the actual carbon.  There is a lot of experimenting that must be done to prevent this.  While this does not seem to be a problem with my BC (going strong after 8,000 miles), it does not look good, and that is why I applied paint and filler (to make the bike look good) to the bike.  This added weight!  I estimate more than 1 pound on my BC.
  3. While it is difficult to conceive, foam is not light.  A two pound (per cubic foot) expanding foam interior adds a great deal of weight.  You are better off strength wise to add extra carbon in lieu of foam, with added blocks of balsa wood where penetrations occur.  This latter point will be shown later.

These PICS show the main frame in daylight.  The color variation in the carbon, especially at the headset area, is not a thickness factor, but is caused by the peel ply.  This will go away when I sand the outside.  The weight at this time is 350 grams for both halves.

Now please allow me to pontificate on carbon finish.  I have heard many say that they love the “look” of 3D carbon.  That is when one can look deeply into the finish and see the carbon weave below the surface.  This can be done in a mold by applying a heavy gel coat.  This gel does not contribute to the strength of the part, but rather makes it look good.  I like the look of raw carbon, or a light coat of clear where the weave is still visible.  This makes for minimal weight gain. 

This is the strengthening schedule.  In the lower portion of the photo there are two layers of 5.7 oz plain weave carbon that will dress out to .009 inches thick each.  These two layers, however, are cut on the bias so the fibers are 45 degrees to the frame.  Each layer will be cut in 3 pieces and overlapped.  In the top portion there are 3 pieces of 1 ˝ inch X .020 (dressed) unidirectional carbon tape.  Also each piece will be cut to conform to the curvature of the frame.  In the top left is the same material as the pre mentioned tape, but in a wider width.  This will be used in critical areas such as bottom bracket, headset and rear connection area.  The two remaining pieces are a mat type weave (shorter piece) and a heavy duty 12K carbon Twill, both to be used in critical areas.  The mat is 12 oz and dresses out to .016; the latter is 19.7 oz and dresses out to .030.  This is considered a workhorse, but must be used only as necessary because it is heavy.

These PICS show the extra strengthening carbon applied to the interior of the shell. While it is not obvious to look at these photos and see the lack of smooth surface, it is there in spades.  And, if one were to try to even get a smooth surface with all of the overlapping layers, it would require a great deal of sanding, filling (weight), and then painting to cover the blemishes (even more weight).  The nominal overall thickness of the final shell is approximately .075 inches.  In the critical areas, I would guess (I will confirm when I drill holes) the thickness is in the order of .100-.125 inches. 

This is the final step before the two halves are to come together.  Balsa blocks are epoxied in the shells so that penetrations can be inserted.  Looking at the photo, the two blocks on the left are for the rear bolts which will hold the rear of the bike to the main frame.  This would be the rear stays and the rear seat support.  Forward of that is for the front seat brace.  The block at the headset is for the headset tube as well as for the power idler (remember this is a FWD).  Just forward of that is a block which will reduce torsion bending in the main boom, and the extreme right is for the bottom bracket.  Weight wise I am now at a little over 1000 grams for both halves.  This is lower than I was with the BC at the same time.  I predict that if the weight penalty for the wheel drive does not become excessive, the total bike will be in the lower 20 pound range.

Next, I will join the halves and begin construction on the rear portion.